Đế cương ôn tập tuyển sinh vào lớp 10

ĐẾ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10
PHAÀN I: GRAMMAR & STRUCTURES
1. TENSES
THÌ
COÂNG THÖÙC
DAÁU HIEÄU
1. HTÑ
1. To be: S + am/is/are + .
2. V thöôøng: S + V1/V6 + .
*V6= V1+s/es
- always, usually, often, seldom, rarely, scarcely, never.
- every + N (t/g): very day, every week, every month, 
- soá laàn + N (t/g): once a week, twice a month, three times a year, 
2. HTTD
S+ am/is/are + V4 +.
*V4= V1+ ing
now, right now, at present, at this time, at this moment.
3. HTHT
S + has/have +V3 +..
- just, recently, lately, already, before, ever, until now, so far, never*
- soá laàn: once, twice, three times, several times, 
- since + moác t/g quaù khöù (Neáu laø MÑ thì V chia ôû QKÑ)
- for + khoaûng t/g: for two hours, for a month, for a long time, for ages, 
- not  yet
- how long..?
4. QKÑ
1. To be: S +was/were +.
2. V thöôøng: S + V2/Ved +.
-yesterday, in the past
- last + N (t/g) : last night, last week, last month, last year,.
- t/g + ago : two days ago, three months ago, a year ago,
- in + t/g QK: in 2001, in 1996, in 1975,
- since + S + V(QKÑ)
5. QKTD
S + was/were + V4 + 
- at + t/g QK, at this time + t/g QK, at that moment.
- from to + t/g QK
- hoaø hôïp thì khi coù: when/while/as/as soon as
6. QKHT
S + had + V3 + ..
- by/before + t/g QK
- S + V(QKÑ) +  after + S + V (QKHT) + ..
- S + V(QKHT) + ..before + S + V (QKÑ) + 
- hoaø hôïp khi hai haønh ñoäng xaûy ra nhaán maïnh ñeán trình töï tröôùc sau.
7. TLÑ
S + will/shall +V1 + ..
- tomorrow, after tomorrow, in the future
- next + N (t/g): next week, next month, next year,.
- in + t/g TL: in 2010, 2012,
* Khi coù meänh ñeà traïng ngöõ chæ t/g khoâng ñöôïc chia thì töông lai (chia hieän taïi ñôn)
2. PASSIVE VOICE
Caâu bò ñoäng laø caâu maø chuû ngöõ khoâng laøm chuû haønh ñoäng
S + be + V3 + 
HTÑ: 	be ---> am/is/are
HTTÑ: be ---> am/is/are + being
HTHT: be ---> has/have + been
QKÑ: be ---> was/were
QKTD: be ---> was/were + being
QKHT: be ---> had + been
QKÑ: be ---> will/shall + be
Modal verbs
can/could + be + V3
would/should + be + V3
may/might + be + V3
must + be + V3
ought to + be + V3
Special cases:
- have to + V1 ---> have to + be + V3
- used to + V1 ---> used to + be + V3
 - be going to + V1 ---> be going to+be + V3 
 - need + V4 / need + to be +V3
10. Reporting verbs: believe, say, think, know, consider, expect, report, rumor, 
 It is said that ..
 He is said ..
3. CONDITIONAL SENTENSES
LOAÏI I: ñieàu kieän COÙ THEÅ xaûy ra ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai
If + S +V(HTÑ) +  , S + will/can + V1 + 
LOAÏI II: ñieàu kieän TRAÙI NGÖÔÏC vôùi hieän taïi hoaëc KHOÂNG THEÅ xaûy ra ôû hieän taïi hay töông lai	
If + S +V(QKÑ) +  , S + would/could + V1 + 
	 (be ---> were)
LOAÏI III: ñieàu kieän traùi ngöôïc vôùi quaù khöù
If + S +V(QKHT) +  , S + would/could + have + V3 + 
	* It’s (high) time + S + V(QKÑ)/ neáu Be---> were
	*  as if/as though + S +V(QKÑ)/ neáu Be---> were
4. “WISH” CLAUSE
LOAÏI I: öôùc trong töông lai
	S1 +wish + S2 + would/could + V1 +
LOAÏI II: öôùc ôû hieän taïi
	S1 +wish + S2 + V(QKÑ) +
	 (be ---> were)
LOAÏI III: öôùc trong quaù khöù
S1 +wish + S2 + had +V3 + 
5. RELATIVES
1. WHO: ñöùng sau N chæ ngöôøi laøm chuû ngöõ
	N(ngöôøi) + who + V + 
	 (that)
2. WHOM: ñöùng sau N chæ ngöôøi laøm taân ngöõ
	N(ngöôøi) + whom + S + V + 
	 (that)
3. WHICH: ñöùng sau N chæ vaät laøm chuû ngöõ hay taân ngöõ
	N(vaät) + which +( S +) V + 
	(that)
4. THAT: söû duïng thay cho who, whom vaø which (nhö treân). “That” caám söû duïng sau daáu phaåy vaø giôùi töø.
 * THAT: söû duïng baéc buoät trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau nay:
a) Khi N ñöùng tröôùc chæ ngöôøi laãn vaät: I met many people and cattle that were going to the market.
	b) Khi N ñöùng tröôùc coù caùc töø boå nghóa nhö: no, some, only, not, such, first, second, 
EX: I saw something that was moving.
	c) Khi N ñöùng tröôùc coù tính töø so saùnh nhaát: This is the best film that I’ve seen.
5. WHOSE + N: chỉ sở hữu, sử dụng thay cho: his, her, their, its.
	Ex: Do you know the woman whose daughter has won the first prize in the competition?
6. GERUND (V4) 
 Gerund söû duïng baéc buoäc trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau:
Sau caùc ñoäng töø nhö: avoid, admit, advise, allow, consider, call, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, fancy, feel like, imagine, involve, keep, mind, permit, practice, postpone, quit, risk, suggest.
Sau caùc cuïm:
Can’t help
Can’t bear	+ V4
Can’t stand
Sau caùc giôùi tö ø(at, on, of, in, by, to, for, with, without,  ): Prep + V4
Sau caùc thaønh ngöõ:
It’s no use
It’s no good
It’s (not) worth
To be busy
There’s no point in	+ V4
...have difficulty/trouble
 a waste of time / money
.. spend / waste time/money
7. BECAUSE
because + S + V + 
because of + V4/ N phrase
8. THOUGH
	- Though / Although/ Even though + S + V + 
- Inspite of / Despite + V4/ N phrase
9. SO/SUCH/TOO/ENOUGH
1.  so + adj/adv + that  (quaù  ñeán noåi)
2.  such + (a/an) + adj + N + that (quaù  ñeán noåi )
3.  too +adj/adv + (for + O) + to inf (quaù  ñeán noåi KHOÂNG THEÅ )
4.  adj/adv + enough +(for + O) + to inf  ( ñuû  ñeå )
10. COMPARISON
1. So saùnh baèng: S1 + V +  as + adj/adv + as + S2 + (V)
2. So saùnh hôn
	- adj/adv ngaén: S1 + V +  adj/adv +ER + than + S2 + (V)
	- adj/adv daøi: S1 + V +  more + adj/adv + than + S2 + (V)
3. So saùnh nhaát
	- adj/adv ngaén: S1 + the + adj +EST + N  
- adj/adv daøi: S1 + the + most + adj + N 
4. So saùnh keùp: 
- The + so saùnh hôn + S1 + V  , the + so saùnh hôn + S2 + V 
- adj + ER and adj + ER: He is taller and taller.
- more and more + adj/N: She is more and more beautiful/ More and more people learn English.
	ADJ/ADV SO SAÙNH BAÁT QUI TAÉC
good/well ---> better ---> the best
bad/badly ---> worse ---> the worst
many/much ---> more ---> the most
far ---> farther/further ---> the farthest/ the furthest
little ---> less ---> the least
11. REPORTED SPEECH
	 V (QKÑ)
1. Caâu phaùt bieåu: S1 + said +that + S2 + would + V1
	 had + V3
Caâu meänh leänh: S1 + tell/ask/order + O + (not) to +V1 
 	 V(QKÑ)
3. Caâu hoûi coù Wh-words: S1 + ask + O + Wh-words + S2 + would + V1
 	 had + V3
	 	 V (QKÑ)
4. Caâu hoûi YES/NO: S1 + ask + O + if/whether + S2 + would + V1
 	 had + V3
12. VERB FORMS (V1 / V3 / V4 / V5)
1. S + have + O(ngöôøi) + V1 
2. S + have + O(vaät) + V3 
3. S + get + O(ngöôøi) + V5 
4. S + get + O(vaät) + V3 
 let
5. make + O + V1 
 help	 
	 V1: söï vieäc hoàn thành
6. S + V(of perception) + O + 
	 V4: söï vieäc ñang xaûy ra ngay luùc noùi
 * V(of perception) : see, hear, watch, notice, catch, find, smell, feel, listen to)
13. IT TAKES
 	It +take (someone) + time + to do something
14. RATHER/ BETTER
 would rather + V1
 had better + V1
15. S & V CONCORD
1. S1 + and + S2 ---> V (in plural) : Tom and Mary are doing exercises in class now.
2. S1 + or + S2 ---> V (agree with S2): Tom or Mary is doing exercises in class now.
3. S1 + prep + S2 ---> V (agree with S1) The teacher with 40 students is practicing English.
 *Prep: along with/with/of/ accompanied by,
4. Either +S1 + or + S2 ---> V (agree with S2): Either Mr. Brown or his children are kind to us
4. Neither +S1 + nor + S2 ---> V (agree with S2): Neither his children or Mr. Brown is kind to us
16. V-ING V-ED
- V-ING: nhö tính töø mieâu taû boå nghóa cho N mang nghóa active: interesting film, boring story, surprising ending, 
- V-ED: nhö tính töø meâu taû boå nghóa cho N mang nghóa passive: stolen money, broken chair, well-paid job, 
- Khi chuû ngöõ chæ ngöôøi söû duïng V-ED: He is interested in that film.
- Khi chuû ngöõ chæ vaät söû duïng V-ING: The film was interesting
17. COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
	- as vs like
	- like / unlike / alike
	- most / most of
	- another / other
	- while / during
	- some vs any
GOOD LUCK!
	- will / be going to
	- if / when